Syndemics refers to complex epidemics involving two types of adverse interaction – the clustering and interactions of two or more diseases or health conditions (the biological–biological interface)and social environmental factors (the biological–social interface). The theory has been widely applied in the fields of medicine, public health and anthropology.
The beginnings of Arab feminisms can be traced back to the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century against a backdrop of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles, and the emergence of postcolonial nation states.