Geography and Geographic Information Science
Geography and Geographic Information Science
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Confluences are recognized as locations within rivers where interaction between incoming flows produces complex hydrodynamic conditions characterized by distinct spatial patterns of mean or turbulent flow. Despite recognition of this hydrodynamic complexity, few studies have mapped in detail spatial patterns of flow at confluences and variation in these patterns over time.
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As with cryosphere-dominated streams the world over, Alpine glaciers are retreating rapidly. As a glacier retreats progressively, it effectively switches on phototrophic activity. It is therefore not surprising that, for almost 100 years, the process has been construed as a chronosequence; one that, if vaguely, is even referred to in Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species.